Building age diversity and retail patterns: A morphometric exploration of Jacobs' neglected condition through the Temporal Fingerprint Matrix

Tumturk, Onur; EFEOĞLU, HULUSİ; Akay, Mert; ÇALIŞKAN, OLGU

doi:10.1177/00420980261462840

Building age diversity and retail patterns: A morphometric exploration of Jacobs' neglected condition through the Temporal Fingerprint Matrix

Tumturk O., EFEOĞLU H. E., Akay M., ÇALIŞKAN O.

URBAN STUDIES, 2026 (SSCI, Scopus)

Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
Basım Tarihi: 2026
Doi Numarası: 10.1177/00420980261462840
Dergi Adı: URBAN STUDIES
Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Scopus, IBZ Online, Periodicals Index Online, ABI/INFORM, American History and Life, EconLit, Educational research abstracts (ERA), Geobase, Historical Abstracts, Index Islamicus, Public Affairs Index, DIALNET, Social Sciences Abstracts, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Art, Design & Architecture Collection (ProQuest), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Social Science Premium Collection (ProQuest), Art, Design & Architecture Collection (ProQuest), Arts Premium Collection (ProQuest), Business Source Ultimate (EBSCO), Humanities Source Ultimate (EBSCO), Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Political Science Database (ProQuest), Sociology Database (ProQuest), Sociology Source Ultimate (EBSCO), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Jane Jacobs established diversity as the cornerstone of urban vitality, arguing that four conditions - mixed primary uses, small blocks, buildings varying in age and concentration of people - generate the exuberant diversity essential for vibrant cities. Recognizing retail patterns as indicators of urban vitality, urban studies has extensively tested three conditions, while building age diversity remains the least examined. The few existing studies have produced conflicting findings due to limitations in how building age characteristics are measured. To address these gaps, we introduce the Temporal Fingerprint Matrix, a novel analytical framework integrating building age and age diversity to distinguish incremental from instant development patterns. Aligned with Jacobs' theoretical framework, we hypothesize that incrementally developed areas, characterized by diverse building ages and substantial older building stock, demonstrate higher retail density and diversity compared to instantly developed areas with uniform and predominantly newer buildings. Analysing approximately 600,000 buildings across Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Den Haag, we employ hierarchical clustering and identify distinct development types. Statistical analysis examines whether these types systematically influence retail density and diversity. Results reveal seven distinct development types with significantly different retail patterns and confirm our hypothesis: incrementally developed areas consistently outperform instantly developed areas in retail density and diversity. This study fills a critical knowledge gap by providing the first systematic test of Jacobs' most neglected diversity condition and introduces a replicable morphometric method for identifying temporal development patterns. The findings inform time-conscious planning strategies for enhancing retail density and diversity through balanced preservation-development approaches that cultivate age-diverse built environments. (sic)& centerdot;(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (Jane Jacobs) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (Temporal Fingerprint Matrix) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (Amsterdam),(sic)(sic)(sic) (Rotterdam),(sic)(sic) (Den Haag) (sic) 60 (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic);(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic);(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).