Virtual water flows of Turkey's agricultural products: A gravity approach

AKBOSTANCI ÖZKAZANÇ E., TUNÇ G. İ., AŞIK S.

Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.420, 2023 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 420
  • Publication Date: 2023
  • Doi Number: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138453
  • Journal Name: Journal of Cleaner Production
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, PASCAL, Aerospace Database, Business Source Elite, Business Source Premier, CAB Abstracts, Chimica, Communication Abstracts, Compendex, INSPEC, Metadex, Pollution Abstracts, Public Affairs Index, Veterinary Science Database, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Keywords: Agricultural goods trade, Gravity model, Turkey, Virtual water
  • Middle East Technical University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

In this study, we use a gravity model to analyze virtual water flows due to the trade of agricultural products for Turkey. We calculate virtual water flows of agricultural trade for 326 products and 192 trade partners for 2002–2019. The empirical model of virtual water trade flows for Turkey is formed where the dependent variable is the total amount of water embedded in the trade of agricultural products. Besides the baseline equations, which include conventional explanatory variables like income, population, geographical distance, and affinity dummies, we estimate expanded models that include two measures of water availability and two measures of water pressure. Additionally, variables showing the size of agricultural activity and availability of agricultural land in the partner country are included in the analysis. Furthermore, the gravity models for total virtual water flows are disaggregated into intermediate and consumer goods, providing further insights.