Measurement of the muon flux at SND@LHC: Results from the 2023–2025 proton and heavy-ion periods

Saá, J.; Zaffaroni, E.; Yoon, C.S.; Yoo, S.M.; Yazici, C.; Yang, Z.; Yamamoto, S.; Wanke, R.; Vilela, C.; Viegas Guerreiro Leonardo, N.; Verguilov, V.; Vasquez, G.; Vankova-Kirilova, G.; Ursov, E.; Trippl, C.; Tioukov, V.; Timiryasov, I.; Tesarek, J.; Tarek, A.; Steggemann, J.; Starkov, N.; Spurio, M.; Sandoval, O.; Sohn, J.Y.; Soares, G.; Smith, T.E.; Sirri, G.; Siroli, G.P.; Silano, C.; Shibuya, H.; Shchutska, L.; Shchedrina, T.; Shevchenko, V.; Shaposhnikov, M.; Serra, N.; Serban, A.; Sekhniaidze, G.; Schneider, O.; Schmidt-Parzefall, W.; Scalera, V.; Samoilov, M.; Sadykov, Z.; Ruf, T.; Ruchayskiy, O.; Rovelli, T.; Rossolino, N.; Ronchetti, F.; Roganova, T.; Reghunath, A.; Ramos, S.; Quercia, A.; Prota, A.; Primavera, F.; Polukhina, N.; Podgrudkov, D.; Perrotta, A.; Paggi, G.; Ovchynnikov, M.; Okateva, N.; Ogawa, S.; Obayashi, K.; Nuntiyakul, W.; Navarria, F.L.; Mozzina, L.; Morozova, D.; Montesi, M.C.; Mikulenko, A.; Miano, A.; Mei, F.; Majstorovic, M.; Mascellani, A.; Loschiavo, V.P.; Lee, W.-C.; Lee, K.S.; Lee, K.Y.; Lauria, A.; Manghi, F.; Lantwin, O.; Landi, I.; Lacker, H.M.; Kuleshov, S.; Konovalova, N.; Komatsu, M.; Klioutchnikov, G.; Kim, Y.G.; Kim, S.H.; Khalikov, E.; Kauniskangas, A.M.; Iuliano, A.; Infantino, A.; Cabanas, S.; Ilieva, S.; Herwijnen, E.; Herrera, J.; Hagner, C.; Haefeli, G.J.; Guliaeva, V.; GÜLER, ALİ; Guiducci, L.; Guandalini, C.; Graverini, E.; Golutvin, A.; Giordano, V.; Genovese, K.; Galati, G.; Funk, W.; Fresa, R.; Funicello, N.; Fiorillo, A.; Ferrillo, M.; Fecarotta, O.; Fasanella, D.; Durhan, O.; Donà, R.; Dionisov, I.; Dinc, C.; Ferdinando, D.; Cristo, C.; Crescenzo, A.; Gutierrez, M.; De Rújula, A.; De Pasquale, S.; De Roeck, A.; De Marzi, G.; Guidice, G.; de Magistris, M.; De Lellis, G.; de Bryas, P.T.; De Asmundis, R.; Davino, D.; D’Ambrosio, N.; Dallavalle, G.M.; Climescu, M.; Cindolo, F.; Choi, K.-Y.; Chiuchiolo, A.; Chernyavskiy, M.; Chariton, V.; Cervelli, A.; Cerutti, F.; Centanni, D.; Canale, V.; Camporesi, T.; Buontempo, S.; Boyarsky, A.; Bordalo, P.; Bonivento, W.M.; Bonacorsi, D.; Bogomilov, M.; Boccia, V.; Castro, A.; Biswas, R.; Bick, D.; Betancourt, C.; Bay, A.; Battilana, C.; Bangaru, N.; Torres, M.; Asawatangtrakuldee, C.; Arellano, L.G.; Anokhina, A.; Androsov, K.; Aloschi, F.; Alicante, F.; Alexandrov, A.; Albanese, R.; Ahmad, S.; Abbaneo, D.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16035-x

Measurement of the muon flux at SND@LHC: Results from the 2023–2025 proton and heavy-ion periods

Saá J. Z., Zaffaroni E., Yoon C., Yoo S., Yazici C., Yang Z., ...Daha Fazla

European Physical Journal C, cilt.86, sa.8, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
Cilt numarası: 86 Sayı: 8
Basım Tarihi: 2026
Doi Numarası: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16035-x
Dergi Adı: European Physical Journal C
Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Aerospace Database, Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, INSPEC, zbMATH, Directory of Open Access Journals, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

The SND@LHC experiment investigates neutrinos in the 7.2<η<8.4 forward pseudorapidity range. The detector consists of a veto system, a scintillating fiber tracker interleaved with emulsion cloud chambers, and a downstream muon system. Muons originating from collisions at ATLAS (IP1) constitute the primary background for CC neutrino interactions and determine the replacement frequency of the emulsion target. A precise characterization of this flux is therefore essential. In this work, we report the muon flux measured in the central 31×31cm2 fiducial area of the detector using data from 2023 through 2025. The measured fluxes for proton collisions are: (1.90±0.04)×10-2 nb/cm2 (2023), (3.76 ± 0.09) ×10-2 nb/cm2 (2024), and (2.48 ± 0.05) ×10-2 nb/cm2 (2025). A 2024 reference proton run at s=5.36TeV yielded (4.21 ± 0.14) ×10-2 nb/cm2, providing a direct baseline for the heavy-ion energy regime. The measured fluxes for heavy-ion collisions are (3.11±0.12)×104 nb/cm2, (5.53±0.22)×104 nb/cm2, and (3.24±0.13)×104nb/cm2 in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively. Uncertainties are dominated by systematic effects, with the statistical component contributing ≲0.1% to the total uncertainty. These results are in agreement with Monte Carlo predictions.