A review of additively manufactured pentamode lattices: Theory, methods and applications

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Ocak B., Evis Z.

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, vol.20, no.2, pp.11252-11267, 2026 (ESCI)

Abstract

- Pentamode metamaterials, characterized by their near-zero shear modulus and high bulk modulus, have attracted solid interest due to their unique ability to mimic fluid-like behaviour. Pentamode metamaterials have driven by improvements in computational design, material selection and advanced manufacturing techniques, especially additive manufacturing. As a comprehensive review article specificially addressing pentamode metamaterials produced by additive manufacturing, this review systematically represents the theoretical foundations, essential design concepts, and main parameters, including the high bulk-to-shear modulus ratio that presents fluidic behaviour. Recent advancements in manufacturing methods such as selective laser melting, direct laser writing, and hybrid fabrication processes are also discussed, along with their impact on achieving precise lattice geometries. Extensive analysis of acoustic and mechanical applications reveals pentamode metamaterials' versatility in acoustic cloaking, wave scattering reduction, vibration isolation, shock absorption and tunable stiffness devices. Despite intensive progress, challenges such as scalability, precision of manufacturing, and material optimization continue to emerge. This systematic review concludes by highlighting future research opportunities, emphasizing hybrid material usage, computational optimization, and real-world applications, enhancing the transformative potential of pentamode metamaterials in acoustic and mechanical applications.