Integrated experimental and numerical investigation of the seismic behavior of historic timber-supported masonry mosques
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s10518-026-02649-9
- Dergi Adı: Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, Geobase, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Earth, Atmospheric, & Aquatic Science Collection (ProQuest), Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Nonlinear time-history analysis, Operational modal analysis (OMA), Pushover analysis, Seismic performance, Timber-masonry connections, Timber-supported masonry mosques
- Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
In this study, the seismic behavior of five historic mosques (Aşağı Hasan-ı Basri, Hacı Cuma, Kadana, Yeğenağa, and Yukarı Habip Efendi) located in Erzurum province and featuring a timber-supported masonry structural system was investigated using a comprehensive approach combining experimental and numerical methods. Within the scope of the study, three-dimensional finite element models of the mosques were created. These models were calibrated using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) results and subsequently evaluated through both nonlinear static pushover analysis and nonlinear time-history analysis. Model calibration, based on the first three natural frequencies obtained from the OMA results, achieved high agreement between numerical and experimental modal analyses; Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) values for the first modes were found to be in the range of 0.99–1.00. Pushover analyses showed that the horizontal load-carrying capacities of the mosques varied in the range of approximately 5,000– 11,000 kN and that their maximum displacement capacities reached levels of 30–75 mm. Nonlinear dynamic analyses performed using scaled ground motions from the Erzincan (1992), Düzce (1999), and Gölcük (1999) earthquakes revealed that the maximum internal force demands obtained for all mosques were below the capacity values obtained from pushover analyses. However, time-history domain analyses have revealed that distinct and repetitive local damage mechanisms develop in mosques before a total collapse occurs. It has been determined that in all structures, damage is primarily concentrated at the timber beam-wall connections, the stone pedestals where the timber columns of the latecomers’ porch (narthex) rest, and the upper elevations of the walls. These findings demonstrate that the seismic performance of timber-supported historical mosques should be evaluated not only based on masonry wall strength but also in conjunction with the continuity of timber elements, connection details, and the timber-masonry interaction. Consequently, this study provides numerical models validated by experimental data for timber-supported historical mosques and presents a viable methodology for assessing the seismic performance of similar historical masonry structures. The results emphasize that timber-masonry connection zones, in particular, constitute critical seismic vulnerabilities and provide a scientific basis for reinforcement strategies to be developed for this structural typology.