Smartphone assisted colorimetric detection of luteinizing hormone in 3D-printed remote automated magnetic particle-driven system with microchamber arrays


Yildirim E., Tezcan T., Bayraktar E., YILDIRIM E., TAMER U.

MICROCHIMICA ACTA, cilt.193, sa.1, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 193 Sayı: 1
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s00604-025-07764-z
  • Dergi Adı: MICROCHIMICA ACTA
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex
  • Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

A 3D-printed customizable MagnetoChip platform is introduced featuring Wi-Fi communication with a smartphone-controlled magnetic particle manipulation system integrated with a single-use capillary-driven microfluidic chip. This platform enables the colorimetric detection of luteinizing hormone (LH), a potential marker in sports doping. The system employs a sandwich immunoassay approach, where gold nanoparticles functionalized with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme and antibodies are used to capture and detect LH. 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) dye was also used as a colorimetric substrate. Magnetic particles were employed for analyte enrichment, and their movement inside the microfluidic chip was remotely controlled via Raspberry Pi Pico with a stepper motor. Image processing optimizations were performed using ImageJ. The code was then embedded in Python for automation, and the user interface was created with a graphical user interface (GUI). The colorimetric outputs were analyzed using Red-Green-Blue (RGB) analysis, and the results demonstrated a strong correlation with analyte concentration, with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9975. The method was validated through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) measurement of the reaction result, while the sandwich immunoassay complex was confirmed with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Our developed platform offers a promising, user-friendly tool for rapid and accurate bioanalyte detection, with potential applications in sports doping control, clinical diagnostics, and point-of-care testing.