PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency , ss.87, The Hague, 2023
The report examines how Dutch cities can improve the provision of urban nature by using Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) based on the experience of different European countries. The study finds that existing urban nature projects often either deliver broad benefits with limited inclusion or are small, inclusive initiatives with modest impact, and it highlights the need for a national framework that drives both quality and equity. The report also evaluates the role of standards in increasing nature provision in cities. It concludes that principle-based standards, rather than rigid metrics, are better suited to support and promote high-quality urban nature initiatives because they can ensure urban nature genuinely contributes to climate resilience, biodiversity and social well-being.