Pre-Ottoman charitable institutions; waqfs as institutionalized charity; waqf and patronage archival sources for the Ottoman waqfs; defining and classifying waqfs; the waqf economy and the redistributive waqfs economy; waqfs embedded in rural and urban economy and society; waqfs and urbanization; waqf budgets, income and expenditure items; the waqf organization and management, institutional hierarchy, employment in waqfs; waqf public kitchens and food receivers; beneficiaries; control and monitoring system in waqfs; income collection methods; waqf accounting system; spending control; waqfs as a research theme in institutional history; waqfs and economic and social history.