Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, cilt.24, sa.3, ss.209-229, 2015 (SCI-Expanded)
Thin beds of tephra (K-bentonites) formed by the diagenesis of volcanic ash are exposed within the limestone-dolomitic limestone successions of the Yilanli formation at Zonguldak and Bartin in northwestern Turkey. They were deposited on the Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous shallow carbonate platform of the Zonguldak terrane. In this study, K-bentonite samples collected from Gavurpinari and Yilanli Burnu limestone quarries are investigated in order to reveal their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and diagenetic evolution. Illite is the major clay mineral in the studied K-bentonites. Additionally, kaolinite and mixed-layer illite-smectite are identified in some samples. The nonclay minerals calcite, dolomite, quartz, gypsum, feldspar, pyrite, and zircon are also found. Crystal-chemical characteristics (Kubler index, d(060) values, and polytypes of illites) from two different sampling locations do not show significant variations. Kubler index values for the Yilanli Burnu and Gavurpinari sampling locations, 0.47-0.93 (average: 0.71 Delta degrees 2 theta) and 0.69-0.77 (average: 0.72 Delta degrees 2 theta), respectively, indicate that illites were affected by high-grade diagenetic conditions. The swelling (or smectite) component (similar to 5%), crystallite size (N = 10-20 nm), and polytype (2M(1) > 1M(d)) data of illites support the same conditions. Illite d(060) values of 1.491-1.503 angstrom correspond to a range of octahedral Mg+Fe values of 0.27-0.51 atoms per formula, indicating a composition between end-member muscovite and phengite unit. Trace and rare earth element-based chemical classification of the K-bentonite samples revealed that composition of original volcanic ash is basaltic. Illitization took place by fixation of K from volcanic minerals and ash, and diffusion of elements (Mg+Fe) into and out of the beds during diagenesis. Mineralogical-chemical data point out that these K-bentonites evolved in high-grade diagenetic conditions (approximately 100-150 degrees C) from the products of volcanic eruptions of disputed sources and distances during the Late Devonian time.